Skip to main content
PMC home page
Nucleic Acids Research logoLink to Nucleic Acids Research
. 1985 Feb 25;13(4):1347–1368. doi: 10.1093/nar/13.4.1347

The consensus sequence YGTGTTYY located downstream from the AATAAA signal is required for efficient formation of mRNA 3' termini.

J McLauchlan, D Gaffney, J L Whitton, J B Clements
PMCID: PMC341077  PMID: 2987822

Abstract

Our previous DNA sequence comparisons of 3' terminal portions from equivalent herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 genes identified a conserved sequence (consensus YGTGTTYY; Y = pyrimidine) located approximately 30bp downstream from the AATAAA signal. We report here that this signal is located downstream from 67% of the mammalian mRNA 3' termini examined. Using constructions with the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) gene linked to an HSV 'terminator' fragment, we show that deletions in the 'terminator' reduce CAT activities and the levels of CAT mRNA 3' termini. Specifically: (1) deletions of downstream sequences which extend up to the consensus YGTGTTYY signal reduce CAT levels to values 35% of those obtained with undeleted plasmids, (2) a deletion of a further 14bp, which removes the YGTGTTYY consensus but not the poly A site, reduces CAT activities to 1%-4%. The levels of CAT mRNA 3' termini reflect the reductions in CAT activities however, levels of mRNA 5' termini are unaffected by these deletions. The RNA produced in the absence of the YGTGTTYY signal is present in the cytoplasm although no CAT activity is detectable.

Full text

PDF
1366

Images in this article

1353Image
on p.1353
1354Image
on p.1354

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Aho S., Tate V., Boedtker H. Multiple 3' ends of the chicken pro alpha 2(I) collagen gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Aug 25;11(16):5443–5450. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.16.5443. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Aho S., Tate V., Boedtker H. Multiple 3' ends of the chicken pro alpha 2(I) collagen gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Aug 25;11(16):5443–5450. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.16.5443. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Akusjärvi G., Persson H. Gene and mRNA for precursor polypeptide VI from adenovirus type 2. J Virol. 1981 May;38(2):469–482. doi: 10.1128/jvi.38.2.469-482.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Akusjärvi G., Zabielski J., Perricaudet M., Pettersson U. The sequence of the 3' non-coding region of the hexon mRNA discloses a novel adenovirus gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1981 Jan 10;9(1):1–17. doi: 10.1093/nar/9.1.1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Banerji J., Rusconi S., Schaffner W. Expression of a beta-globin gene is enhanced by remote SV40 DNA sequences. Cell. 1981 Dec;27(2 Pt 1):299–308. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90413-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Baralle F. E., Shoulders C. C., Proudfoot N. J. The primary structure of the human epsilon-globin gene. Cell. 1980 Oct;21(3):621–626. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90425-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Bell G. I., Pictet R. L., Rutter W. J., Cordell B., Tischer E., Goodman H. M. Sequence of the human insulin gene. Nature. 1980 Mar 6;284(5751):26–32. doi: 10.1038/284026a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Berk A. J., Sharp P. A. Structure of the adenovirus 2 early mRNAs. Cell. 1978 Jul;14(3):695–711. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90252-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Birchmeier C., Grosschedl R., Birnstiel M. L. Generation of authentic 3' termini of an H2A mRNA in vivo is dependent on a short inverted DNA repeat and on spacer sequences. Cell. 1982 Apr;28(4):739–745. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90053-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Birchmeier C., Schümperli D., Sconzo G., Birnstiel M. L. 3' editing of mRNAs: sequence requirements and involvement of a 60-nucleotide RNA in maturation of histone mRNA precursors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Feb;81(4):1057–1061. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.4.1057. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Chang A. C., Cochet M., Cohen S. N. Structural organization of human genomic DNA encoding the pro-opiomelanocortin peptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Aug;77(8):4890–4894. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.8.4890. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Chen E. Y., Howley P. M., Levinson A. D., Seeburg P. H. The primary structure and genetic organization of the bovine papillomavirus type 1 genome. Nature. 1982 Oct 7;299(5883):529–534. doi: 10.1038/299529a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Cheng H. L., Blattner F. R., Fitzmaurice L., Mushinski J. F., Tucker P. W. Structure of genes for membrane and secreted murine IgD heavy chains. Nature. 1982 Apr 1;296(5856):410–415. doi: 10.1038/296410a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Cordell B., Bell G., Tischer E., DeNoto F. M., Ullrich A., Pictet R., Rutter W. J., Goodman H. M. Isolation and characterization of a cloned rat insulin gene. Cell. 1979 Oct;18(2):533–543. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90070-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Corsaro C. M., Pearson M. L. Enhancing the efficiency of DNA-mediated gene transfer in mammalian cells. Somatic Cell Genet. 1981 Sep;7(5):603–616. doi: 10.1007/BF01549662. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Czernilofsky A. P., DeLorbe W., Swanstrom R., Varmus H. E., Bishop J. M., Tischer E., Goodman H. M. The nucleotide sequence of an untranslated but conserved domain at the 3' end of the avian sarcoma virus genome. Nucleic Acids Res. 1980 Jul 11;8(13):2967–2984. doi: 10.1093/nar/8.13.2967. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Danos O., Katinka M., Yaniv M. Human papillomavirus 1a complete DNA sequence: a novel type of genome organization among papovaviridae. EMBO J. 1982;1(2):231–236. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1982.tb01152.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Davison A. J., Wilkie N. M. Location and orientation of homologous sequences in the genomes of five herpesviruses. J Gen Virol. 1983 Sep;64(Pt 9):1927–1942. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-64-9-1927. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Davison A. J., Wilkie N. M. Nucleotide sequences of the joint between the L and S segments of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2. J Gen Virol. 1981 Aug;55(Pt 2):315–331. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-55-2-315. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. DeNoto F. M., Moore D. D., Goodman H. M. Human growth hormone DNA sequence and mRNA structure: possible alternative splicing. Nucleic Acids Res. 1981 Aug 11;9(15):3719–3730. doi: 10.1093/nar/9.15.3719. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Devare S. G., Reddy E. P., Law J. D., Robbins K. C., Aaronson S. A. Nucleotide sequence of the simian sarcoma virus genome: demonstration that its acquired cellular sequences encode the transforming gene product p28sis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Feb;80(3):731–735. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.3.731. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Dierks P., van Ooyen A., Cochran M. D., Dobkin C., Reiser J., Weissmann C. Three regions upstream from the cap site are required for efficient and accurate transcription of the rabbit beta-globin gene in mouse 3T6 cells. Cell. 1983 Mar;32(3):695–706. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90055-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Dijkema R., Dekker B. M., van Ormondt H. Gene organization of the transforming region of adenovirus type 7 DNA. Gene. 1982 May;18(2):143–156. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(82)90112-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Dodgson J. B., Engel J. D. The nucleotide sequence of the adult chicken alpha-globin genes. J Biol Chem. 1983 Apr 10;258(7):4623–4629. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Dolan M., Dodgson J. B., Engel J. D. Analysis of the adult chicken beta-globin gene. Nucleotide sequence of the locus, microheterogeneity at the 5'-end of beta-globin mRNA, and aberrant nuclear RNA species. J Biol Chem. 1983 Mar 25;258(6):3983–3990. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Easton A. J., Clements J. B. Temporal regulation of herpes simplex virus type 2 transcription and characterization of virus immediate early mRNA's. Nucleic Acids Res. 1980 Jun 25;8(12):2627–2645. doi: 10.1093/nar/8.12.2627. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Ellison J., Hood L. Linkage and sequence homology of two human immunoglobulin gamma heavy chain constant region genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Mar;79(6):1984–1988. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.6.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Erbil C., Niessing J. The primary structure of the duck alpha D-globin gene: an unusual 5' splice junction sequence. EMBO J. 1983;2(8):1339–1343. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1983.tb01589.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Everett R. D., Baty D., Chambon P. The repeated GC-rich motifs upstream from the TATA box are important elements of the SV40 early promoter. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Apr 25;11(8):2447–2464. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.8.2447. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Everett R. D. DNA sequence elements required for regulated expression of the HSV-1 glycoprotein D gene lie within 83 bp of the RNA capsites. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Oct 11;11(19):6647–6666. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.19.6647. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Favaloro J., Treisman R., Kamen R. Transcription maps of polyoma virus-specific RNA: analysis by two-dimensional nuclease S1 gel mapping. Methods Enzymol. 1980;65(1):718–749. doi: 10.1016/s0076-6879(80)65070-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Fiddes J. C., Goodman H. M. The gene encoding the common alpha subunit of the four human glycoprotein hormones. J Mol Appl Genet. 1981;1(1):3–18. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Fiers W., Contreras R., Haegemann G., Rogiers R., Van de Voorde A., Van Heuverswyn H., Van Herreweghe J., Volckaert G., Ysebaert M. Complete nucleotide sequence of SV40 DNA. Nature. 1978 May 11;273(5658):113–120. doi: 10.1038/273113a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Fitzgerald M., Shenk T. The sequence 5'-AAUAAA-3'forms parts of the recognition site for polyadenylation of late SV40 mRNAs. Cell. 1981 Apr;24(1):251–260. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90521-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Fornwald J. A., Kuncio G., Peng I., Ordahl C. P. The complete nucleotide sequence of the chick a-actin gene and its evolutionary relationship to the actin gene family. Nucleic Acids Res. 1982 Jul 10;10(13):3861–3876. doi: 10.1093/nar/10.13.3861. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Frink R. J., Eisenberg R., Cohen G., Wagner E. K. Detailed analysis of the portion of the herpes simplex virus type 1 genome encoding glycoprotein C. J Virol. 1983 Feb;45(2):634–647. doi: 10.1128/jvi.45.2.634-647.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Gannon F., O'Hare K., Perrin F., LePennec J. P., Benoist C., Cochet M., Breathnach R., Royal A., Garapin A., Cami B. Organisation and sequences at the 5' end of a cloned complete ovalbumin gene. Nature. 1979 Mar 29;278(5703):428–434. doi: 10.1038/278428a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Gil A., Proudfoot N. J. A sequence downstream of AAUAAA is required for rabbit beta-globin mRNA 3'-end formation. 1984 Nov 29-Dec 5Nature. 312(5993):473–474. doi: 10.1038/312473a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Gingeras T. R., Sciaky D., Gelinas R. E., Bing-Dong J., Yen C. E., Kelly M. M., Bullock P. A., Parsons B. L., O'Neill K. E., Roberts R. J. Nucleotide sequences from the adenovirus-2 genome. J Biol Chem. 1982 Nov 25;257(22):13475–13491. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Glanville N., Durnam D. M., Palmiter R. D. Structure of mouse metallothionein-I gene and its mRNA. Nature. 1981 Jul 16;292(5820):267–269. doi: 10.1038/292267a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Gorman C. M., Moffat L. F., Howard B. H. Recombinant genomes which express chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in mammalian cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1982 Sep;2(9):1044–1051. doi: 10.1128/mcb.2.9.1044. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Green M. R., Treisman R., Maniatis T. Transcriptional activation of cloned human beta-globin genes by viral immediate-early gene products. Cell. 1983 Nov;35(1):137–148. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90216-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Hampe A., Gobet M., Even J., Sherr C. J., Galibert F. Nucleotide sequences of feline sarcoma virus long terminal repeats and 5' leaders show extensive homology to those of other mammalian retroviruses. J Virol. 1983 Jan;45(1):466–472. doi: 10.1128/jvi.45.1.466-472.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Heilig R., Muraskowsky R., Kloepfer C., Mandel J. L. The ovalbumin gene family: complete sequence and structure of the Y gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1982 Jul 24;10(14):4363–4382. doi: 10.1093/nar/10.14.4363. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Hentschel C. C., Birnstiel M. L. The organization and expression of histone gene families. Cell. 1981 Aug;25(2):301–313. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90048-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Higgs D. R., Goodbourn S. E., Lamb J., Clegg J. B., Weatherall D. J., Proudfoot N. J. Alpha-thalassaemia caused by a polyadenylation signal mutation. Nature. 1983 Nov 24;306(5941):398–400. doi: 10.1038/306398a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Hurst H. C., Parker M. G. Rat prostatic steroid binding protein: DNA sequence and transcript maps of the two C3 genes. EMBO J. 1983;2(5):769–774. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1983.tb01498.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Hérissé J., Courtois G., Galibert F. Nucleotide sequence of the EcoRI D fragment of adenovirus 2 genome. Nucleic Acids Res. 1980 May 24;8(10):2173–2192. doi: 10.1093/nar/8.10.2173. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Hérissé J., Galibert F. Nucleotide sequence of the EcoRI E fragment of adenovirus 2 genome. Nucleic Acids Res. 1981 Mar 11;9(5):1229–1240. doi: 10.1093/nar/9.5.1229. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Ihara S., Feldman L., Watanabe S., Ben-Porat T. Characterization of the immediate-early functions of pseudorabies virus. Virology. 1983 Dec;131(2):437–454. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(83)90510-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Imperiale M. J., Feldman L. T., Nevins J. R. Activation of gene expression by adenovirus and herpesvirus regulatory genes acting in trans and by a cis-acting adenovirus enhancer element. Cell. 1983 Nov;35(1):127–136. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90215-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Karin M., Richards R. I. Human metallothionein genes--primary structure of the metallothionein-II gene and a related processed gene. Nature. 1982 Oct 28;299(5886):797–802. doi: 10.1038/299797a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Kedes L. H. Histone genes and histone messengers. Annu Rev Biochem. 1979;48:837–870. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.48.070179.004201. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Konkel D. A., Maizel J. V., Jr, Leder P. The evolution and sequence comparison of two recently diverged mouse chromosomal beta--globin genes. Cell. 1979 Nov;18(3):865–873. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90138-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Krieg P. A., Melton D. A. Formation of the 3' end of histone mRNA by post-transcriptional processing. Nature. 1984 Mar 8;308(5955):203–206. doi: 10.1038/308203a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Kwok S. C., Chan S. J., Steiner D. F. Cloning and nucleotide sequence analysis of the dog insulin gene. Coded amino acid sequence of canine preproinsulin predicts an additional C-peptide fragment. J Biol Chem. 1983 Feb 25;258(4):2357–2363. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. LOWRY O. H., ROSEBROUGH N. J., FARR A. L., RANDALL R. J. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem. 1951 Nov;193(1):265–275. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Lawn R. M., Efstratiadis A., O'Connell C., Maniatis T. The nucleotide sequence of the human beta-globin gene. Cell. 1980 Oct;21(3):647–651. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90428-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Lemischka I., Sharp P. A. The sequences of an expressed rat alpha-tubulin gene and a pseudogene with an inserted repetitive element. Nature. 1982 Nov 25;300(5890):330–335. doi: 10.1038/300330a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Liebhaber S. A., Goossens M. J., Kan Y. W. Cloning and complete nucleotide sequence of human 5'-alpha-globin gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Dec;77(12):7054–7058. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.12.7054. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Lomedico P., Rosenthal N., Efstratidadis A., Gilbert W., Kolodner R., Tizard R. The structure and evolution of the two nonallelic rat preproinsulin genes. Cell. 1979 Oct;18(2):545–558. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90071-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Lovinger G. G., Schochetman G. 5'-terminal nucleotide sequences of the Rauscher leukemia virus and gibbon ape leukemia virus genomes exhibit a high degree of correspondence. J Virol. 1979 Dec;32(3):803–811. doi: 10.1128/jvi.32.3.803-811.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Malissen M., Malissen B., Jordan B. R. Exon/intron organization and complete nucleotide sequence of an HLA gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Feb;79(3):893–897. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.3.893. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Manley J. L. Accurate and specific polyadenylation of mRNA precursors in a soluble whole-cell lysate. Cell. 1983 Jun;33(2):595–605. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90440-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Mason A. J., Evans B. A., Cox D. R., Shine J., Richards R. I. Structure of mouse kallikrein gene family suggests a role in specific processing of biologically active peptides. Nature. 1983 May 26;303(5915):300–307. doi: 10.1038/303300a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Maxam A. M., Gilbert W. Sequencing end-labeled DNA with base-specific chemical cleavages. Methods Enzymol. 1980;65(1):499–560. doi: 10.1016/s0076-6879(80)65059-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. McDevitt M. A., Imperiale M. J., Ali H., Nevins J. R. Requirement of a downstream sequence for generation of a poly(A) addition site. Cell. 1984 Jul;37(3):993–999. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90433-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. McKnight S. L., Kingsbury R. Transcriptional control signals of a eukaryotic protein-coding gene. Science. 1982 Jul 23;217(4557):316–324. doi: 10.1126/science.6283634. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. McKnight S. L. The nucleotide sequence and transcript map of the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1980 Dec 20;8(24):5949–5964. doi: 10.1093/nar/8.24.5949. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. McLauchlan J., Clements J. B. A 3' co-terminus of two early herpes simplex virus type 1 mRNAs. Nucleic Acids Res. 1982 Jan 22;10(2):501–512. doi: 10.1093/nar/10.2.501. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. McLauchlan J., Clements J. B. A 3' co-terminus of two early herpes simplex virus type 1 mRNAs. Nucleic Acids Res. 1982 Jan 22;10(2):501–512. doi: 10.1093/nar/10.2.501. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. McLauchlan J., Clements J. B. DNA sequence homology between two co-linear loci on the HSV genome which have different transforming abilities. EMBO J. 1983;2(11):1953–1961. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1983.tb01684.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. McLauchlan J., Clements J. B. DNA sequence homology between two co-linear loci on the HSV genome which have different transforming abilities. EMBO J. 1983;2(11):1953–1961. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1983.tb01684.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Montell C., Fisher E. F., Caruthers M. H., Berk A. J. Inhibition of RNA cleavage but not polyadenylation by a point mutation in mRNA 3' consensus sequence AAUAAA. Nature. 1983 Oct 13;305(5935):600–605. doi: 10.1038/305600a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Moore C. L., Sharp P. A. Site-specific polyadenylation in a cell-free reaction. Cell. 1984 Mar;36(3):581–591. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90337-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Nishioka Y., Leder P. The complete sequence of a chromosomal mouse alpha--globin gene reveals elements conserved throughout vertebrate evolution. Cell. 1979 Nov;18(3):875–882. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90139-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Noda M., Teranishi Y., Takahashi H., Toyosato M., Notake M., Nakanishi S., Numa S. Isolation and structural organization of the human preproenkephalin gene. Nature. 1982 Jun 3;297(5865):431–434. doi: 10.1038/297431a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Nudel U., Zakut R., Shani M., Neuman S., Levy Z., Yaffe D. The nucleotide sequence of the rat cytoplasmic beta-actin gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Mar 25;11(6):1759–1771. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.6.1759. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Ohno S., Taniguchi T. Structure of a chromosomal gene for human interferon beta. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Sep;78(9):5305–5309. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.9.5305. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Page G. S., Smith S., Goodman H. M. DNA sequence of the rat growth hormone gene: location of the 5' terminus of the growth hormone mRNA and identification of an internal transposon-like element. Nucleic Acids Res. 1981 May 11;9(9):2087–2104. doi: 10.1093/nar/9.9.2087. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Parnes J. R., Robinson R. R., Seidman J. G. Multiple mRNA species with distinct 3' termini are transcribed from the beta 2-microglobulin gene. 1983 Mar 31-Apr 6Nature. 302(5907):449–452. doi: 10.1038/302449a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Perler F., Efstratiadis A., Lomedico P., Gilbert W., Kolodner R., Dodgson J. The evolution of genes: the chicken preproinsulin gene. Cell. 1980 Jun;20(2):555–566. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90641-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Price D. H., Parker C. S. The 3' end of drosophila histone H3 mRNA is produced by a processing activity in vitro. Cell. 1984 Sep;38(2):423–429. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90497-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Proudfoot N. J., Brownlee G. G. 3' non-coding region sequences in eukaryotic messenger RNA. Nature. 1976 Sep 16;263(5574):211–214. doi: 10.1038/263211a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Proudfoot N. J., Maniatis T. The structure of a human alpha-globin pseudogene and its relationship to alpha-globin gene duplication. Cell. 1980 Sep;21(2):537–544. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90491-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Reddy E. P., Reynolds R. K., Watson D. K., Schultz R. A., Lautenberger J., Papas T. S. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the proviral genome of avian myelocytomatosis virus (MC29). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 May;80(9):2500–2504. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.9.2500. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Reddy E. P., Smith M. J., Srinivasan A. Nucleotide sequence of Abelson murine leukemia virus genome: structural similarity of its transforming gene product to other onc gene products with tyrosine-specific kinase activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Jun;80(12):3623–3627. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.12.3623. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Rixon F. J., Campbell M. E., Clements J. B. A tandemly reiterated DNA sequence in the long repeat region of herpes simplex virus type 1 found in close proximity to immediate-early mRNA 1. J Virol. 1984 Nov;52(2):715–718. doi: 10.1128/jvi.52.2.715-718.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Rixon F. J., Campbell M. E., Clements J. B. A tandemly reiterated DNA sequence in the long repeat region of herpes simplex virus type 1 found in close proximity to immediate-early mRNA 1. J Virol. 1984 Nov;52(2):715–718. doi: 10.1128/jvi.52.2.715-718.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Rixon F. J., Campbell M. E., Clements J. B. The immediate-early mRNA that encodes the regulatory polypeptide Vmw 175 of herpes simplex virus type 1 is unspliced. EMBO J. 1982;1(10):1273–1277. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1982.tb00024.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Salditt-Georgieff M., Darnell J. E., Jr A precise termination site in the mouse beta major-globin transcription unit. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Aug;80(15):4694–4698. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.15.4694. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] [Retracted]
  92. Scholl D. R., Kahn S., Malavarca R., Astrin S., Skalka A. M. Nucleotide sequence of the long terminal repeat and flanking cellular sequences of avian endogenous retrovirus ev-2: variation in Rous-associated virus-0 expression cannot be explained by differences in primary sequence. J Virol. 1983 Feb;45(2):868–871. doi: 10.1128/jvi.45.2.868-871.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Schon E. A., Wernke S. M., Lingrel J. B. Gene conversion of two functional goat alpha-globin genes preserves only minimal flanking sequences. J Biol Chem. 1982 Jun 25;257(12):6825–6835. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Seif I., Khoury G., Dhar R. The genome of human papovavirus BKV. Cell. 1979 Dec;18(4):963–977. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90209-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Seiki M., Hattori S., Hirayama Y., Yoshida M. Human adult T-cell leukemia virus: complete nucleotide sequence of the provirus genome integrated in leukemia cell DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Jun;80(12):3618–3622. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.12.3618. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Shen S. H., Slightom J. L., Smithies O. A history of the human fetal globin gene duplication. Cell. 1981 Oct;26(2 Pt 2):191–203. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90302-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Shibahara S., Morimoto Y., Furutani Y., Notake M., Takahashi H., Shimizu S., Horikawa S., Numa S. Isolation and sequence analysis of the human corticotropin-releasing factor precursor gene. EMBO J. 1983;2(5):775–779. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1983.tb01499.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Shimotohno K., Mizutani S., Temin H. M. Sequence of retrovirus provirus resembles that of bacterial transposable elements. Nature. 1980 Jun 19;285(5766):550–554. doi: 10.1038/285550a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Soeda E., Arrand J. R., Smolar N., Walsh J. E., Griffin B. E. Coding potential and regulatory signals of the polyoma virus genome. Nature. 1980 Jan 31;283(5746):445–453. doi: 10.1038/283445a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Spritz R. A., DeRiel J. K., Forget B. G., Weissman S. M. Complete nucleotide sequence of the human delta-globin gene. Cell. 1980 Oct;21(3):639–646. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90427-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Sugisaki H., Sugimoto K., Takanami M., Shiroki K., Saito I., Shimojo H., Sawada Y., Uemizu Y., Uesugi S., Fujinaga K. Structure and gene organization in the transformed Hind III-G fragment of Ad12. Cell. 1980 Jul;20(3):777–786. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90324-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Suske G., Wenz M., Cato A. C., Beato M. The uteroglobin gene region: hormonal regulation, repetitive elements and complete nucleotide sequence of the gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Apr 25;11(8):2257–2271. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.8.2257. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Swain M. A., Galloway D. A. Nucleotide sequence of the herpes simplex virus type 2 thymidine kinase gene. J Virol. 1983 Jun;46(3):1045–1050. doi: 10.1128/jvi.46.3.1045-1050.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Tamura T., Noda M., Takano T. Structure of the baboon endogenous virus genome: nucleotide sequences of the long terminal repeat. Nucleic Acids Res. 1981 Dec 11;9(23):6615–6626. doi: 10.1093/nar/9.23.6615. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Taya Y., Devos R., Tavernier J., Cheroutre H., Engler G., Fiers W. Cloning and structure of the human immune interferon-gamma chromosomal gene. EMBO J. 1982;1(8):953–958. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1982.tb01277.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Taya Y., Devos R., Tavernier J., Cheroutre H., Engler G., Fiers W. Cloning and structure of the human immune interferon-gamma chromosomal gene. EMBO J. 1982;1(8):953–958. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1982.tb01277.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Tosi M., Young R. A., Hagenbüchle O., Schibler U. Multiple polyadenylation sites in a mouse alpha-amylase gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1981 May 25;9(10):2313–2323. doi: 10.1093/nar/9.10.2313. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Ucker D. S., Firestone G. L., Yamamoto K. R. Glucocorticoids and chromosomal position modulate murine mammary tumor virus transcription by affecting efficiency of promoter utilization. Mol Cell Biol. 1983 Apr;3(4):551–561. doi: 10.1128/mcb.3.4.551. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Ullrich A., Gray A., Goeddel D. V., Dull T. J. Nucleotide sequence of a portion of human chromosome 9 containing a leukocyte interferon gene cluster. J Mol Biol. 1982 Apr 15;156(3):467–486. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(82)90261-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Van Beveren C., van Straaten F., Galleshaw J. A., Verma I. M. Nucleotide sequence of the genome of a murine sarcoma virus. Cell. 1981 Nov;27(1 Pt 2):97–108. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90364-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Vasicek T. J., McDevitt B. E., Freeman M. W., Fennick B. J., Hendy G. N., Potts J. T., Jr, Rich A., Kronenberg H. M. Nucleotide sequence of the human parathyroid hormone gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Apr;80(8):2127–2131. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.8.2127. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Vieira J., Messing J. The pUC plasmids, an M13mp7-derived system for insertion mutagenesis and sequencing with synthetic universal primers. Gene. 1982 Oct;19(3):259–268. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(82)90015-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Wasylyk B., Derbyshire R., Guy A., Molko D., Roget A., Téoule R., Chambon P. Specific in vitro transcription of conalbumin gene is drastically decreased by single-point mutation in T-A-T-A box homology sequence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Dec;77(12):7024–7028. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.12.7024. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Weaver R. F., Weissmann C. Mapping of RNA by a modification of the Berk-Sharp procedure: the 5' termini of 15 S beta-globin mRNA precursor and mature 10 s beta-globin mRNA have identical map coordinates. Nucleic Acids Res. 1979 Nov 10;7(5):1175–1193. doi: 10.1093/nar/7.5.1175. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Whitton J. L., Clements J. B. Replication origins and a sequence involved in coordinate induction of the immediate-early gene family are conserved in an intergenic region of herpes simplex virus. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Feb 24;12(4):2061–2079. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.4.2061. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Whitton J. L., Clements J. B. The junctions between the repetitive and the short unique sequences of the herpes simplex virus genome are determined by the polypeptide-coding regions of two spliced immediate-early mRNAs. J Gen Virol. 1984 Mar;65(Pt 3):451–466. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-65-3-451. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Whitton J. L., Rixon F. J., Easton A. J., Clements J. B. Immediate-early mRNA-2 of herpes simplex viruses types 1 and 2 is unspliced: conserved sequences around the 5' and 3' termini correspond to transcription regulatory signals. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Sep 24;11(18):6271–6287. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.18.6271. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Whitton J. L., Rixon F. J., Easton A. J., Clements J. B. Immediate-early mRNA-2 of herpes simplex viruses types 1 and 2 is unspliced: conserved sequences around the 5' and 3' termini correspond to transcription regulatory signals. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Sep 24;11(18):6271–6287. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.18.6271. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Woychik R. P., Camper S. A., Lyons R. H., Horowitz S., Goodwin E. C., Rottman F. M. Cloning and nucleotide sequencing of the bovine growth hormone gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1982 Nov 25;10(22):7197–7210. doi: 10.1093/nar/10.22.7197. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. de Villiers J., Schaffner W. A small segment of polyoma virus DNA enhances the expression of a cloned beta-globin gene over a distance of 1400 base pairs. Nucleic Acids Res. 1981 Dec 11;9(23):6251–6264. doi: 10.1093/nar/9.23.6251. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. van Ooyen A., van den Berg J., Mantei N., Weissmann C. Comparison of total sequence of a cloned rabbit beta-globin gene and its flanking regions with a homologous mouse sequence. Science. 1979 Oct 19;206(4416):337–344. doi: 10.1126/science.482942. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Nucleic Acids Research are provided here courtesy of Oxford University Press

RESOURCES